In studying the evolution of discourse, as with most studies, I found myself following several distinct phases. Just to note, these phases are in no way progressive; in other words, I find myself shifting from one to another, in an organic way (by organic, I refer to the shifts being brought about by intrinsic forces of adaptation ie. "going with the flow", rather than external policy) as the overall study progressed.
The first phase, or first level of study is the objective phase. This is when the study is focused on the description of what is being studied. In the field of science, this would be referred to as the gathering of empirical data in order to describe the naturally-occurring state of a particular event. For example, an equation to describe the way forces of gravity between two distinct masses. If one is studying philosophy, say, of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (I don’t believe in referring to it as simply "Marx", it does injustice to Engels’ contribution), the objective phase would require a descriptive understanding of the ideas contained in their works, such as historical materialism in Das Kapital, and the downfall of capitalism in the Manifesto.
The second phase is what I call the inductive phase. Here, the focus of the study is on derivative functions, that is, the study of logical implications of what has been observed. In keeping with the above examples, an inductive conclusion from Newtonian physics would be that objects in the solar system move in a circular pattern as required by their force vectors to keep from falling into the sun, in other words, they have to move at a particular speed in order to maintain a particular tangential inertia to overcome the gravitational pull (think roller coasters and apply that to the solar system, where the planet is the person in the roller coaster and the sun is the ground; the person doesn’t fall out of the ride because of the tangential inertia acting upon her body as she accelerates with the roller coaster). This same principle applies to any satellite body in space. We know this, not because we observe it happening, but because we conclude such from our observations and our study of the present phenomenon. In the realm of social philosophy, one might induce– from the theories of communism– that the present trend of globalization is really a mark of the spread of international capitalism, which in turn, will bring about its antithesis in the form of popular movements fueled by the ease of internet communication. The inductive phase of study is an interesting part, because it allows for the play of the mind, the creativity and the testing of various hypothesis derived from the objective phase.
The third level of study is the normative phase. The normative phase, premising on the logical inductions, is when the student (in a broader sense of the word) seeks to actually influence the event to bring about a desired result or conclusion, or take advantage of the knowledge in order to generate something socially relevant or useful. A clear example of the application of the theory of gravity is the development of artificial satellites, used in all forms of digital communication. As for the social philosopher, the next step is to start an online movement of labor unions.
The normative phase is, for me, the most risky and challenging of the three. The student actually takes on a different role, and moves away from the purity of exploration and into the realm of hazy social discourse. Rather than learning about the world, the student becomes involved in the world, and can no longer view things from a wider framework. In other words, the philosopher we were referring to becomes an ideologue, the scientist becomes a technician. The field of knowledge, in this state, is narrowed down in order to make science into technology, what we know into what we can use.
Engaging in the normative phase reminds me of the story of a young swordsman, who had mastered a deadly art in isolation. He was only a teenager when he finally learned the art of delivering high-speed swordsmanship with the objective of killing. He understood that a sword could be used to change the world. Against his master’s wishes, he descended from the mountains, and joined a revolution, placing his prowess and skill in the hands of an ideology. His perception narrowed, his own ideals of right and wrong now aligned with the ideals of a revolutionary faction. At the end of the bloody revolution, after having killed hundreds of men, the young swordsman, now a battle-hardened assassin, vowed never to kill again and to repent for the tragedies his sword had wrought.
But even if the story is sad, and it paints a rather bleak picture of those who wish to use their knowledge to improve the world around them, it also reveals a very human and very real sort of experience: in order for any sort of story to become real, in order for the drama of life to take on a life of its own, in order for the individual to truly find individuality, the risk of the normative must be faced. The young swordsman would never had truly grown to become the hero he was unless he had faced the true demons of war and profound contradiction within himself. Likewise, the scientist who forwards a particular technology and the philosopher-turned-revolutionary would never find within themselves the real deal about their knowledge; their beliefs would never had been tested and they themselves would only remain on the superficial level of the pure academic.
Like all things, it is only through testing and trial that the real value comes through. Knowledge and discourse mean nothing within the confines of a classroom, within the words of a lecture. Rather, when knowledge is thrown out into the world for people to use, to test, to take advantage of, to critique and to appraise, only then can the study be shown for its true worth. The university remains a breeding ground, a hive for the generation of new ideas; but it is only the ideas that survive the test of discourse that will really end up doing some damage and changing the spin of the world.