A friend of mine sent me the following text message:
"To interpret is to impoverish, to deplete the world in order to set up a shadow world of meanings." - Susan Sontag
I was informed (after a bombardment of text-message ire) that the context of the Sontag’s remark was in reference to historical interpretation. However, one will find that said context has little bearing upon the core idea contained in the statement: the idea that interpretation removes the essence of whatever it is we are interpreting. In Sontag’s case, the "essence" of history is that history should be taken as history in itself, not convoluted by the various pedagogies of historical theory.
First of all, let me narrow my eyes and fume about this statement. However, it’s not fair to Sontag to simply end it at that. I did a bit of online reading to get her side, and I find that there IS a deeper context to her remark; I’ll explain a bit more about Sontag’s actual idea.
But first, the craziness of that quote. Sontag was never a fan of Kant.
The truth is that Mozart, Pascal, Boolean Algebra, Shakespeare, parliamentary government, baroque churches, Newton, the emancipation of women, Kant, Marx, and Balanchine
ballets don’t redeem what this particular civilization has wrought upon
the world. The white race is the cancer of human history.
- Partisan Review (Winter 1967), p. 57 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag
It was Immanuel Kant who articulated the idea of interpretation as the way a human thinks. In A Critique of Pure Reason, Kant talks about how things have an intrinsic nature as the "thing-in-itself". However, he goes on to say that the "thing-in-itself" can never be known, because in the process of a human knowing about the thing, we perceive it through our own senses and translate it into our own understanding, which is no longer the "thing-in-itself" but now a "thing-as-we-know-it" (he didn’t really use that term, he called it a posteriori knowledge, but then, he wasn’t the most gifted of communicators, right?). To further clarify, let me illustrate: a box, sitting on the floor, has its own intrinsic characteristics and value. A person seeing the box perceives it as a box, but the perception of the box is not really everything that the box is. A better example is when we meet a person. A person has her own construction of who she is in her mind, and although we say "I know so-and-so" we only know what we have perceived and not the person herself.
At the end of it all, what we know as our reality is simply the product of our perceptions, our bias, our subjective reasoning that creates conjectures to make sense of the world around us.
My point against Sontag follows from that idea. Everything around us, from globalization to the towel hanging in the bathroom, are subject to my interpretation of what they are. My reality is the result of my existence (essence follows from existence– jean-paul sartre). A person cannot remove themselves from interpretation because it is through interpretation that our consciousness exists.
Which leads me to my critique against the empiricist’s, that strange breed of positivist intellectual that narrows the world down to what can be physically experienced and explained. If we were to somehow attempt to divest ourselves from interpretation, then the closest we could get would be to come up with a system of knowledge that is based purely on analytic reason and empirical fact. Very easy to understand a world where everything is exactly as it is, rather than what we make it out to be. Some of my friends are like this ("If there is a God, and He asks me why I didn’t believe in Him, my answer will be ‘Not enough proof, God, not enough proof,’") and I respect their views. But I find that sort of thinking a bit thin, and a bit elementary, because it disregards the complexity of human knowledge. It sets up a tautological answer to the profound question of "How do we know what we know?" A positivist answer would be somewhere along the lines of "Because it’s there to be known." Mga pilosopo.
Interpreting the world around us is the channel for our knowledge. Our personal beliefs create a personal reality. There is no "over-all" interpretation that is singularly more valid than anything else. There is only the set of beliefs that we have in ourselves.
But really, my tirade above was out of the context of Sontag’s bigger idea. A little bit of google-magick reveals that Sontag’s main concern against interpretation was, not so much with historical theory, but with the New Criticism movement in the 60’s and 70’s. She rebelled against this then-new form of literary theory that viewed art as an exercise of form, rather than an exercise of spirit. In so doing, she isn’t so much as against interpretation as she is against a particular form of interpretation, which is formalism. She has her own thoughts on formalism, just read her essays Against Interpretation to get her side of it.
But formalism isn’t an evil, it’s just another form of interpretation, another mode of thought that helps us understand a something. It’s got its upsendowns, just like any other mode of thought.
When it comes to criticism, I’ll be honest and say that most of my schpiel is rooted in post-structuralism, post-modernism, existentialism and idealism (not being ideal, but being rooted on ideas to form knowledge). But to be healthy about it, I try to be open and use (i mean, PLAY) with other forms of interpretation out there, without locking out any single possibility.
"The default scientific position IS skepticism." -Mohinder Suresh, "Heroes"
But remember that that is only one intellectual position.
Okay, I’m done.